{"id":24548,"date":"2026-09-27T12:44:24","date_gmt":"2026-09-27T09:44:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vana.ajakirimaja.ee\/soodav-linn\/"},"modified":"2026-09-28T10:17:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-28T07:17:23","slug":"edible-city","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vana.ajakirimaja.ee\/en\/edible-city\/","title":{"rendered":"Edible City"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Spatial Opprtunities and Challenges of Urban Gardening in Planning<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Henri Kopra, Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom, and Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof write about apparently modest urban gardening sites that comprise a wealth of ecological, spatial, and social infrastructure.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The popularity of urban gardening in Estonia has grown substantially in the last 15 years. The stigmatised association with Soviet-era subsistence gardening practices stemming from economic necessity, is fading, and the primary motivation is shifting to an increasing desire for clean, locally sourced ingredients.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Contemporary and relocated urban gardens in Tartu<\/em>.
Maria Muuk<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Planning and establishing urban gardens<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Alongside the spatial evolution of urban gardening typologies, the demographic profile of Estonian urban gardeners is shifting towards the middle-class.1<\/sup> <\/strong>While community gardens in many American and Central European cities embody a politics of resistance,2<\/strong><\/sup> Estonian urban gardens tend to exhibit more benign and apolitical characteristics.3<\/strong><\/sup> Rather than functioning as an instrument for resisting property development akin to many urban gardens abroad, the community gardens in Tallinn have often been established with municipal funding or even by the real-estate developers themselves. In redeveloping the Veerenni, Krulli, and P\u00f5hjala industrial areas, community gardens were among the first interventions to be built. They were meant to signal an impending transformation, attract new visitors and residents, and generate an image of community ethos. Efforts to spatially and socially integrate the broader population for whom a flat in the new developments might be out of reach are commendable.4<\/strong><\/sup> However, it is too early to tell whether this approach will actually succeed in bringing the changing neighbourhoods together so that gardens remain shared spaces for varied demographic groups in the long term\u2014or whether it is a performative aesthetic resulting in little more than \u2018community-washing\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Over the past 15 years, raised-bed gardens have become increasingly common in Tallinn\u2019s public space. These gardens are organised in various ways, but the most common model is working one\u2019s own personal bed. People can learn from each other as they manage the space collectively and enjoy their home-grown produce. In cities with longer traditions of communal gardening, there are also gardens run by central non-profit organisations, where locals work shared beds once or twice a week and the harvest is later divided among those present.<\/em>
Photo: Anton Semenyura<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Edible City 1, an anthology compiled by Sander Tindi, was published in 2009. It featured examples of gardening movements from abroad that helped to spark local imagination. In 2025, it was followed by Edible City 2: 15 Years of Urban Gardening in Estonia, which shifts the focus to local practices. The book maps various manifestations of urban gardening\u2014from community gardens and educational gardens to dacha- style and guerrilla gardening\u2014while shedding light on their possibilities and challenges<\/em>
Photo: Anton Semenyura<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Gardens on both private and public land are threatened by temporal uncertainties as well as land-use zoning. Community gardening is an effective method for the meanwhile use of abandoned spaces, but the gardens created usually have few assurances: gardeners regenerate and revitalise a neglected space without a guarantee of long-term use in return for their contribution. The example of Tartu highlights this increasing pressure on municipal plots, which can be observed even in the well-established urban gardens. In response to the displacement of gardens due to planned infrastructure and residential development, Tartu has now created a special designation for \u2018urban gardening land\u2019 in its comprehensive plan to give local gardening communities greater security for the future.5<\/strong> <\/sup>However, the status of \u2018urban gardening land\u2019 currently provides protection only to a few larger single-use gardening areas, while smaller gardens in more central locations remain vulnerable.<\/p>\n\n\n

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A workshop on mapping the values of the Kopli 93 community garden. From the perspective of neighbourhood cohesion, it is precisely the small, subdistrict-level gardens that have the greatest social potential, as they facilitate everyday encounters between neighbours and diversify urban life.<\/em>
Photo: Henri Kopra<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Cultural and environmental education<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Rapid urbanisation and rising property prices are severing both current and future generations from the land.6<\/strong><\/sup> While a decade ago it was common for many families to have grandparents in the countryside (at least seasonally), more young people today are growing up in solely urban environments. Despite this\u2014or perhaps because of it\u2014urban gardening is increasingly valued as a vehicle for broader environmental education. Albeit most urbanised families are less practically dependent on agricultural knowledge than ever, passing down the traditions and cultural heritage of cultivation is still deemed important by many.7<\/strong><\/sup> Educational gardens are a valuable tool for increasing food awareness and sharing environmental knowledge.8<\/strong><\/sup> Gardens established at schools, kindergartens, and universities impart knowledge of soil, plants, and circular economy through immediate experiences, increasing awareness of food security, food quality, and health.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Gardens established next to schools, kindergartens, and universities allow students to learn principles of botany, circular economy, and soil cycles through direct experience, thus enabling intergenerational knowledge and fostering a culture of care.<\/em>
Photo: Artjom Kutuzov<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Aesthetic paradigm shift: ecological diversity<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Our broader understanding of cities and nature is also shifting\u2014the perceived boundary between the two is growing increasingly blurred. Manifestations of the edible city spark aesthetic disagreements, especially in city centres.1<\/strong><\/sup> Much of the so-called \u2018soft\u2019 urban development can be aesthetically difficult to accept as it challenges traditional notions of well-kempt urban park landscapes: mown lawns, manicured shrubs, colourfully designed flowerbeds. One of the most notable examples of this conflict is the 2017 dispute over the Bastion Garden in Tallinn: \u2018[\u2026] the aesthetics of reuse and food growing clashed with the idea of a dignified urban (old town) space, where \u201cgrowing cabbage\u201d was deemed inappropriate by (some) city officials at the time\u2019.9<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n

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More-than-human landscapes also offer food, shade, and nesting sites for animals, birds, and insects within long-established ecological communities. Experimental areas in urban centres have been polarising\u2014alongside the aesthetics of well-organised park landscapes, they can appear unfamiliar or even neglected. The project Curated Biodiversity seeks a balance between pleasant aesthetics and ecological diversity.<\/em>
Photo: Mana Kaasik<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Issues related to public space and greenery have steadily become more prominent in political debates, especially in Tallinn and Tartu. In the 2017 local elections, few major parties addressed topics related to green spaces,9<\/strong><\/sup> whereas in 2025, spatial questions were featured in the election programmes of all major parties. The mowing of central parks has become a polarising election issue. The main challenge consists of balancing the roles of municipalities, activists, citizens, and nature: cities are built primarily as habitats for people; yet, as landscape researcher Joan Nassauer notes: \u2018what is good [for nature] may not look good, and what looks good may not be good\u2019.10<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n

Studies such as Damschen et al. in Science<\/em>11 <\/sup><\/strong>have highlighted that as cities expand, green corridors and biodiversity become particularly important in dense urban areas. Berlin-based architects Andre Viljoen and Katrin Bohn have described such strategies with the concept of Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPUL). In such landscapes, green corridors contribute simultaneously to ecological, logistical, and social cohesion.12<\/strong><\/sup> Initiatives such as the Pollinator Highway (Putukav\u00e4il<\/em>) in Pelgulinn, the Green Ring (ROHEring<\/em>) in Tartu, Curated Biodiversity (Kureeritud Elurikkus<\/em>), and others have experimented with promoting alternative aesthetics and ecologies in urban centres, thus raising the question: how to navigate between the needs of nature and people so that the city remains a pleasant habitat for humans while also enabling broader uses and ecological diversity?<\/p>\n\n\n

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Urban wastelands are characterised by informal, unusual, spontaneous aesthetics that weave together semi-abandonment, DIY culture, and plant species typical of post-industrial landscapes. While the biodiversity of spontaneous nature is increasingly appreciated, the unsolicited human interventions in these areas are often met with scepticism. Urban foraging, guerrilla gardening, and informal placemaking have been practiced in such wastelands through the ages, and have produced significant value for residents\u2014value that remains underestimated.<\/em>
Photo: Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Social diversity<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Although ecological diversity remains a polarising topic, it appears to be gaining traction among both ordinary citizens and urban planners. In contrast, discussions around social diversity remain taboo. In addition to formally planned areas, Estonian urban inhabitants have filled the cracks of underused public spaces, appropriating these for personal and collective needs. However, such attempts require flexibility from municipal authorities and a tacit agreement that soft protests or grassroots initiatives are able to create new spatial opportunities. This process may sometimes be supported by formal spatial design, but at other times require deliberately refraining from it. The primary concern among users of various terrain vagues<\/em> is the prospect of excessive development, which typically results in middle-class appropriation and the risk of green gentrification,13<\/strong><\/sup> displacing former users and practices.7<\/strong> <\/sup>Urbanist Karina Vabson highlights growing differences in lifestyles and aesthetic preferences as exclusionary factors: \u2018For example, would all new residents be happy with noisy summertime picnics and barbecues held in the terrain vague<\/em>? How would they regard the improvised structures, pigeon coops, little shelters, and the groups that gather around them?\u201914<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n

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In late August, the book launch of Edible City 2 took place at Towers\u2019 Square in Tallinn, within the Old Town Community Garden. The architects of Spatialist Studio also created a travelling exhibition that introduces typical forms of urban gardening in Estonia. The exhibition installation uses materials familiar from urban gardens, such as simple wooden structures, polycarbonate, green wire fencing, and garden fleece.<\/em>
Photo: Anton Semenyura<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Urban expansion subsumes informal green spaces directly, but such marginalised phenomena are also indirectly displaced by the rise of new, more formal types of urban gardening. Estonia has a longstanding yet modest tradition of urban gardening, evidenced in older but less visible forms of quiet sustainability. For nearly fifty years, dacha <\/em>gardening, alongside other improvised practices such as allotment gardening and foraging that date back even further, has functioned as part of the urban fabric. The shifting focus to establish \u2018proper\u2019 community gardens, poses a risk that the growth of one typology becomes the downfall of other, more marginalised practices. Urban gardening could become a recreational pastime that sidelines vulnerable groups and alternative forms of spatial use. It is imperative to preserve diverse forms of urban gardening to ensure the rise of raised bed gardening does not lead to the decline of the terrain vague culture or dacha gardening.15<\/strong><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n

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In late August, the book launch of Edible City 2 took place at Towers\u2019 Square in Tallinn, within the Old Town Community Garden. <\/em>
Photos: Anton Semenyura<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
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Future possibilities<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Urban gardening, in all its forms, carries significant potential to instigate future change. In the collection of essays, Edible City 2<\/em>, gardening is viewed as a prefigurative practice that explores the margins of spatial logic and social possibility.16<\/strong> <\/sup>Prefiguration indicates a beginning\u2014a continually unfolding process is set in motion and expected to take on new forms. Working in the garden, individuals transition from passive users of space to its active producers: urban gardening evokes a tangible embodiment of possible future worlds. Everyday habits help articulate broader political positions and transform individual opinions into collective action. The resulting space becomes both a social and a physical platform for exchanging ideas and giving voice to future ambitions.<\/p>\n

Cultivated landscapes shift the value from finished objects to relationships of care: gardens are a form of slow architecture, requiring long-term commitment, care, and vision, without uprooting what has taken a long time to grow. The micro-societies that form around community gardens help shape a new social contract that could scale up to changes at both municipal and national levels.17<\/strong><\/sup> While formal public spaces are governed by deeply ingrained social norms, informal green spaces allow people to break free from rigid behavioural patterns, thus fostering the development of civil society and broader resilience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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HENRI KOPRA<\/strong> is an architect and researcher at Spatialist Studio\/ Studies, and a lecturer at the Estonian Academy of Arts and the Berlin International University of Applied Sciences.
IIRIS T\u00c4HTI TOOM<\/strong> is an architect and researcher at Spatialist Studio\/ Studies, an urban planner for the City of Tallinn, and a lecturer at the Estonian Academy of Arts.
BIANKA PL\u00dcSCHKE-ALTOF<\/strong> (Phd) has contributed to the field of sustainable urban development as a researcher and lecturer at both Tallinn University and the University of Tartu, and as a co-editor of the book Edible City 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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HEADER: Tartu Organic Community Garden is an urban-gardening area, designated in the city\u2019s comprehensive plan, where each gardener may cultivate up to 150 m2. The area includes greenhouses, raised beds, orchards, and row beds. Photo: Ruth M\u00e4ndma.
PUBLISHED: MAJA 3\/4-2025 (121-122) with main topic WORK AND FOOD<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1\u00a0 Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof & Lilian Pungas, \u2018Kes on praeguses Eestis linnaaednik?\u2019\u00a0 [\u2018Who is an Urban Gardener in Contemporary Estonia?\u2019], in S\u00f6\u00f6dav linn 2: 15 aastat Eesti linnaaianduse arengut, ed. Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof, Henri Kopra, Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom, Maria Derl\u00f5s & Anton K\u00fc\u00fcnal (MT\u00dc Linnalabor, 2025), 47\u201360.<\/em>
2\u00a0 Laura Linsi & Roland Reemaa, \u2018Kogukonnaaed \u2013 pehme ja roheline, poliitiline ja radikaalne\u2019 [\u2018Community Garden\u2014Mellow and Green, Political and Radical\u2019], M\u00fc\u00fcrileht, 28 December 2022.<\/em>
3\u00a0 Henri K\u00f5iv, \u2018Oma kogukonna ma leidsin peenra vahelt\u2019 [\u2018I Found My Community Between the Garden Beds\u2019], M\u00fc\u00fcrileht, September 2025. <\/em>
4\u00a0 Henri Kopra, \u2018Maja pole veel valmis, aga teeme k\u00f5igepealt aia\u2019 [\u2018The House Is Not Ready Yet, but Let\u2019s Do the Garden First\u2019], in S\u00f6\u00f6dav linn 2: 15 aastat Eesti linnaaianduse arengut, ed. Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof, Henri Kopra, Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom, Maria Derl\u00f5s & Anton K\u00fc\u00fcnal (MT\u00dc Linnalabor, 2025), 151\u2013162.<\/em>
5\u00a0 Gloria Niin & Triin N\u00f5u, \u2018Tartu linnaaiandus: v\u00f5itlus ruumi, t\u00e4henduse ja kestvuse eest\u2019 [\u2018Urban Gardening in Tartu: the Struggle for Space, Meaning, and Lastingness\u2019], in S\u00f6\u00f6dav linn 2: 15 aastat Eesti linnaaianduse arengut, ed. Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof, Henri Kopra, Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom, Maria Derl\u00f5s & Anton K\u00fc\u00fcnal (MT\u00dc Linnalabor, 2025), 61\u201376.<\/em>
6\u00a0 Carolyn Steel, Sitopia: How Food Can Save the World (Chatto & Windus, 2020).<\/em>
7\u00a0 Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom, \u2018T\u00fchermaa taltsutamine: informaalne linnaaiandus kui kohaloome\u2019 [\u2018Taming the Terrain Vague: Informal Urban Gardening as Spatial Design\u2019], in S\u00f6\u00f6dav linn 2: 15 aastat Eesti linnaaianduse arengut, ed. Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof, Henri Kopra, Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom, Maria Derl\u00f5s & Anton K\u00fc\u00fcnal (MT\u00dc Linnalabor, 2025), 163\u2013178.<\/em>
8\u00a0 Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof, \u2018\u00d5ppeaed kui katselava ja \u00fchiskonna peegel: intervjuu Eeva Kirsipuu-Vadiga\u2019 [\u2018Learning Garden as a Testing Ground and Mirror of Society: Interview with Eeva Kirsipuu-Vadi\u2019], in S\u00f6\u00f6dav linn 2: 15 aastat Eesti linnaaianduse arengut, ed. Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof, Henri Kopra, Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom, Maria Derl\u00f5s & Anton K\u00fc\u00fcnal (MT\u00dc Linnalabor, 2025), 109\u2013120.<\/em>
9\u00a0 Brigita Tool & Kaja Peterson, \u00dclevaade erakondade keskkonnaalastest lubadustest valimisplatvormides kohalike omavalitsuste volikogude valimistel 2021. aastal [\u2018Overview of Political Parties\u2019 Environmental Promises in the 2021 Local Government Council Election Platforms\u2019] (SEI Tallinn, September 2021), 16. <\/em>
10\u00a0 Joan Iverson Nassauer, \u2018Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames\u2019, Landscape Journal 14, no. 2 (1995): 161\u2013170.<\/em>
11\u00a0 Ellen I. Damschen et al., \u2018Corridors Increase Plant Species Richness at Large Scales\u2019, Science 313 (2006): 1284\u20131286. <\/em>
12\u00a0 Andr\u00e9 Viljoen, Katrin Bohn, Joe Howe, eds.,\u00a0 CPULs: Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes\u2014Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities\u00a0 (Architectural Press, 2005).<\/em>
13\u00a0 Isabelle Anguelovski, \u2018From Toxic Sites to Parks as (Green) LULUs? New Challenges of Inequity, Privilege, Gentrification, and Exclusion for Urban Environmental Justice\u2019, Journal of Planning Literature 31 (2002): 23\u201336.<\/em>
14\u00a0 Karina Vabson, \u2018Lasnam\u00e4e Kurep\u00f5llu t\u00fchermaa peidetud rikkused\u2019 [\u2018Hidden Treasures of the Kurep\u00f5llu Wasteland in Lasnam\u00e4e\u2019, Sirp, 27 August 2021.<\/em>
15\u00a0 Lilian Pungas, Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof et al., \u2018Same, Same but Different? The \u201eRight\u201c Kind of Gardening and the Negotiation of Neoliberal Urban Governance in the Post-Socialist City\u2019, in Whose Green City?, ed. Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof & Helen Soov\u00e4li-Sepping (Springer, 2022), 125\u2013144. <\/em>
16\u00a0 Mattias De Backer, Claske Dijkema, Kathrin H\u00f6rschelmann, \u2018Preface: The Everyday Politics of Public Space\u2019, Space and Culture 22 (2019): 240\u2013249.<\/em>
17\u00a0 Dagmar Narusson, \u2018J\u00e4rels\u00f5na. Linnaaed kui inspiratsioonik\u00fcllane kogukonnalabor\u2019 [\u2018Afterword: Urban Gardens as Inspirational Community Labs\u2019, in S\u00f6\u00f6dav linn 2: 15 aastat Eesti linnaaianduse arengut, ed. Bianka Pl\u00fcschke-Altof, Henri Kopra, Iiris T\u00e4hti Toom, Maria Derl\u00f5s & Anton K\u00fc\u00fcnal (MT\u00dc Linnalabor, 2025), 207\u2013218.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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